What are the central child development theories, and how have they shaped our thinking?
Main, P (2022, November 22). Child Development Theories. Retrieved from https://www.structural-learning.com/post/child-development-theories
Child development theory is the study of children's cognitive, emotional, social, physical, and behavioral growth over time. Theories help us understand how children develop and learn. They're used to predict future behavior and guide our teaching methods.
There are many different child development theories, each with its own set of beliefs and assumptions. Some theories are based on scientific evidence, others are not.
Some theories include Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development, Kohlberg's Moral Stages, Jean Piaget's Theory, Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development, and Lev Vygotsky's Social Learning Theory.
Each theory offers a unique perspective on child development. Each theory has strengths and weaknesses. Which theory you use depends on your goals and needs.
If you're interested in learning more about child development theories, this article outlines some of the predominant theoretical ideas within this domain.
Over the decades, many theories have attempted to explain the various complex aspects of child development. These include domains such as cognitive theory, behavioral theory, Psychosocial and Psychosexual theories. They all aim to shed light on the growth of a child from one level to another as well as help us understand how to provide the appropriate type of provision to optimise the development of the child.
This is a topic that is complex and full of interconnected ideas that cannot be explained without each other. This field of study helps us learn why children behave in certain ways, and by digging deeper, we might begin to understand how behavior is related to family, age, and personal makeup. Psychologists that are experts in developmental issues, endeavor to expound, understand and forecast behavior at the different levels of a child’s life.
For us to understand a person’s development, the theories of development mentioned above have to come into the picture in order to be able to explain different aspects of human growth.
The theory of development provides an outline for thinking about the growth of an individual and knowledge. So, why study human development? Is there something we can learn from the psychological aspects of development? If you are one of those people who usually wonder about the human mind and why a person thinks or behaves the way they do, studying the theoretical concepts can provide you with a sound understanding of human development.
Changes in our understanding
Historically, there was never a great emphasis on the cognitive abilities of a child from birth to adulthood. Child development interest, in the beginning, began in the twentieth century, though it inclined more focus on unusual behavior. Other topics that caught the eye of the researchers consisted of influences and also the topic of typical child development.
Understanding the changes
Is it important to learn about children’s growth, learning capabilities, and changes that occur in their lifetime? Of course, it is especially important. It aids us in understanding the emotional, physical, cognitive, social, and educational growth that children typically go through from birth all the way to adulthood.
Grand theories, which aim to define each component of the theory of development by extensively adopting an approach stage, are the foundational theories of child development. The other theories are "micro theories" since they only cover a small portion of the development, including social or cognitive development.
Sigmund Freud originated with the Psychoanalytic theory. Working with patients diagnosed with mental disorders, he realized that unconscious desires and childhood experiences influenced behavior. According to him, conflicts that occur during each of these stages of development can have an all-time influence on a person’s behavior. He, therefore, suggested one of the best-known grand theories of child development.
Freud's psychosexual theory, explains that child development happens in a succession of stages centred on various pleasure zones throughout the body. In each phase, the child experiences dilemmas that play an important role in their development.
Freud hypothesised that the energy of the libido was focused on different erogenous areas at particular stages such as the oral stage and the genital stage. If progress failed in a particular phase, fixation at that point in development could result in influencing an adult‘s behavior.
If a child does not fully develop in a certain stage, then what happens? According to Freud, each successful stage results in the healthy development of one’s personality. It is important to solve conflicts that occur in each stage so that fixations can be avoided since they can influence the child’s personality. Other child theories depict that personality continues to evolve throughout a lifetime. Freud believed that early experiences played a vital role in determining development. He believed that by the age of five, personalities are already determined.
Early in the twentieth century, the psychoanalytic theory had a strong influence. Freud inspired a lot of individuals who went on to broaden their perspectives and develop their theories as a result. Following the pattern of neo-Freudians, Erick Erikson’s ideas gained popularity.
This is an eight-phase theory that describes change and growth all through a lifetime, directing its attention on social contact and encounters that arise during different phases of development.
While Erikson’s theory shared some common ideologies with Freud's, interestingly, it is not similar in many ways. Rather than focusing on sexual interest as a driving force in development, Erick believed that interacting socially and experiencing played significant roles.
The human development 8-stage theories explained the process from birth through death. People experience developmental conflicts at every step, which have an effect on how they operate later in life and how they continue to progress.
In contrast to previous developmental theories, Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory emphasizes a person's growth over the course of their entire lifespan. At every stage, a structural crisis that marks a significant turning point confronts both adults and children. Effectively dealing with the challenges of each phase leads to the occurrence of a lifetime psychological benefit.
Early in the twentieth century, a brand-new school of thinking known as behaviorism emerged and quickly grew to dominate developmental psychology. It was once thought that for psychology to become a scientific field, it had to only study observable and quantifiable actions.
According to the behavioral perspective, every action a person takes has an impact on the environment. Many behaviorists, including B.F. Skinner and John B. Watson, maintained that relationships and strengthening processes are the only ways in which learning takes place.
Behavioral theories emphases on how environmental interaction influences behavior and is grounded on the models of theorists such as John Ivan Pavlov, B. F. Skinner, and B. Watson. The theories deal only with what is observed. Growth is viewed as a response to stimuli, reinforcement, rewards, and punishments. This theory differs significantly from other development theories since it does not consider personal emotional development or thoughts but in its place, it focuses only on how experience shapes our personality.
This method of child development gave rise to the two significant learning modalities known as operant and classical conditioning. Operant conditioning employs punishment and reinforcement to alter behaviors while classical conditioning consists of learning by teaming up an earlier neutral stimulus with a naturally occurring stimulus.
Among the most significant ideas within child development is the work of Jean Piaget. The swiss psychologist dominated this field of study with his Cognitive Developmental Theory. This theory focuses on the cognitive development or thought processes of the child. It examines how the said thought processes impact how we interact and comprehend the world around us.
Among the widely accepted theories of cognitive development was brought forward by theorist Jean Piaget. The proposal was an impression that seems recognizable now but helped transform how we consider child development: Children think differently than adults.
This cognitive theory aims to explain and describe how mental processes and states arise. It also examines how various ways of thinking affect how we perceive the outside world and engage with it.
Child intellectual development
When studying the development of children, the steps and order of a child's intellectual development were then explained by Piaget. The developmental stages are:
John Bowlby suggested one of the earliest theories of social development that explain how the initial relationships with caregivers played a key role in child development and continued to impact social relationships throughout life. His attachment theory proposed that children are born with an instinctive need to form connections. These attachments ensure that the child receives care and protection, which helps them survive. These attachments are described by clear developmental characteristics and motivational outlines.
Ultimately caregivers and children engage in behaviors intended to safeguard proximal development. Children try to remain near and linked to their caregivers because they offer a secure haven and starting point for exploration.
In adolescent psychology, researchers have also expanded upon Bowlby's initial work and have proposed that several diverse attachment models exist. A trusting relationship is more likely to emerge in children who get trustworthy care and support.
This theory is founded on the work of Albert Bandura, a psychologist who without doubt believed that the conditioning and strengthening process could not adequately explain all of a person’s learning. For instance, can the conditioning process account for learned behaviors that have not been strengthened through classical conditioning or operant conditioning? Agreeing with social learning theory, behaviors can also be learned through modelling and observation.
Children learn new skills and gain new knowledge by imitating the behaviors of others, such as parents and peers. Bandura's developmental theory suggests that observation plays a significant role in learning, but this observation does not certainly need to take the form of observing a live model. As an alternative, people can also learn by listening to verbal interaction about how to perform a behavior.
Observing either imaginary or real characters displaying behaviors in films or books.
Lev Vygotsky, a different psychologist, put forth a fundamental learning theory that has since grown to be highly important, particularly in the realm of education. Vygotsky just like Piaget believed that children learn actively and through life experiences. In accordance with his sociocultural theory, the development of higher-order cognitive abilities was the responsibility of parents, other adult caregivers, peers, and the culture at large. In his view, learning is essentially a social process.
Vygotsky’s developmental theory also presented the concept of the zone of proximal development, which is the gap between how a person can use help and what a person can do without help. They are able to gradually acquire and expand their abilities and scope of understanding thanks to the support of more informed individuals.
Creating optimal early years environments is crucial for fostering children's development in various domains. Drawing from well-established child development theories, early years centers and nurseries can implement principles that support social, emotional, cognitive, and moral growth. This list outlines nine key principles derived from historical child development theories, offering practical strategies for enhancing child development in early years settings.
1. Foster Social Interactions
Encouraging social interactions among children helps them develop crucial social skills. Lev Vygotsky's Social Development Theory emphasizes the importance of social interactions in cognitive development. Providing opportunities for group activities, cooperative play, and peer learning can enhance children's social competencies.
2. Implement Ecological Systems Theory
Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory underscores the influence of multiple environmental systems on child development. Creating a supportive and engaging environment that includes strong connections with families, community resources, and the broader society can positively impact children's growth and learning.
3. Support Emotional Bonds and Attachments
John Bowlby's Attachment Theory highlights the importance of secure emotional bonds between children and caregivers. Establishing strong, nurturing relationships with each child helps them feel secure and supports their emotional and social development. Consistent, responsive caregiving is key to fostering these bonds.
4. Encourage Moral Development
Jean Piaget's and Lawrence Kohlberg's theories on Moral Development suggest that children's moral reasoning evolves through stages. Early years environments can promote moral development by integrating discussions about fairness, empathy, and respect, and by modeling ethical behavior.
5. Promote Concept-Based Learning
Jerome Bruner's Cognitive Development Theory advocates for the spiral curriculum, where complex ideas are taught at a simplified level first and revisited at more complex levels. Implementing concept-based learning helps children build a deeper understanding of key concepts, fostering critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
6. Utilize Tactile Learning
Maria Montessori's approach emphasizes Tactile Learning, where children learn through hands-on experiences. Providing a variety of tactile materials and activities allows children to explore and learn through their senses, enhancing their cognitive and motor skills.
7. Incorporate Reggio Emilia's Exploratory Talk
The Reggio Emilia Approach encourages exploratory talk, where children engage in meaningful conversations and collaborative inquiry. Creating an environment that supports open dialogue and exploration helps children develop language skills, creativity, and a sense of community.
8. Encourage Abstract Thinking through Play
Jean Piaget's stages of Cognitive Development indicate that children develop abstract thinking abilities as they grow. Activities like role-playing, storytelling, and problem-solving games, such as using Lego for creative building, can stimulate abstract thinking and imagination.
9. Apply the Socratic Method
The Socratic Method involves asking open-ended questions to stimulate critical thinking and dialogue. In early years settings, educators can use this method to encourage children to think deeply, ask questions, and explore different perspectives, fostering cognitive and language development.
By integrating these nine principles, early years environments can create rich, supportive, and stimulating settings that promote holistic child development. Drawing from historical child development theories provides a strong foundation for these practices, ensuring they are grounded in well-established research and understanding.
It is evident that some of psychology's most eminent theorists have created ideas to aid in the discovery and justification of various stages of child development. All of these hypotheses have a significant impact on our comprehension of child development, even though not all of them are widely recognized today.
Today's modern psychologists commonly rely on a variety of ideas and points of view to understand how kids develop, think, and also how they behave. These theories represent just a fraction of the various viewpoints on child development. Psychological theories such as Carl Jung's Archetypes have attempted to explain personality development whilst other theorists have tried to explain maturation through a largely cognitive lens.
There are many diverse aspects that affect positive childhood development. Psychological, physical and emotional development are all critical areas that are highly connected throughout infancy. How children develop physically and intellectually is influenced by their genes, their environment, and the relationships between these factors.
These papers collectively provide a broad and insightful perspective on the theories that have significantly shaped our understanding of child development.
Here are five significant papers on key child development theories, focusing on those that have greatly influenced the field:
Child development theory is the study of children's cognitive, emotional, social, physical, and behavioral growth over time. Theories help us understand how children develop and learn. They're used to predict future behavior and guide our teaching methods.
There are many different child development theories, each with its own set of beliefs and assumptions. Some theories are based on scientific evidence, others are not.
Some theories include Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development, Kohlberg's Moral Stages, Jean Piaget's Theory, Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development, and Lev Vygotsky's Social Learning Theory.
Each theory offers a unique perspective on child development. Each theory has strengths and weaknesses. Which theory you use depends on your goals and needs.
If you're interested in learning more about child development theories, this article outlines some of the predominant theoretical ideas within this domain.
Over the decades, many theories have attempted to explain the various complex aspects of child development. These include domains such as cognitive theory, behavioral theory, Psychosocial and Psychosexual theories. They all aim to shed light on the growth of a child from one level to another as well as help us understand how to provide the appropriate type of provision to optimise the development of the child.
This is a topic that is complex and full of interconnected ideas that cannot be explained without each other. This field of study helps us learn why children behave in certain ways, and by digging deeper, we might begin to understand how behavior is related to family, age, and personal makeup. Psychologists that are experts in developmental issues, endeavor to expound, understand and forecast behavior at the different levels of a child’s life.
For us to understand a person’s development, the theories of development mentioned above have to come into the picture in order to be able to explain different aspects of human growth.
The theory of development provides an outline for thinking about the growth of an individual and knowledge. So, why study human development? Is there something we can learn from the psychological aspects of development? If you are one of those people who usually wonder about the human mind and why a person thinks or behaves the way they do, studying the theoretical concepts can provide you with a sound understanding of human development.
Changes in our understanding
Historically, there was never a great emphasis on the cognitive abilities of a child from birth to adulthood. Child development interest, in the beginning, began in the twentieth century, though it inclined more focus on unusual behavior. Other topics that caught the eye of the researchers consisted of influences and also the topic of typical child development.
Understanding the changes
Is it important to learn about children’s growth, learning capabilities, and changes that occur in their lifetime? Of course, it is especially important. It aids us in understanding the emotional, physical, cognitive, social, and educational growth that children typically go through from birth all the way to adulthood.
Grand theories, which aim to define each component of the theory of development by extensively adopting an approach stage, are the foundational theories of child development. The other theories are "micro theories" since they only cover a small portion of the development, including social or cognitive development.
Sigmund Freud originated with the Psychoanalytic theory. Working with patients diagnosed with mental disorders, he realized that unconscious desires and childhood experiences influenced behavior. According to him, conflicts that occur during each of these stages of development can have an all-time influence on a person’s behavior. He, therefore, suggested one of the best-known grand theories of child development.
Freud's psychosexual theory, explains that child development happens in a succession of stages centred on various pleasure zones throughout the body. In each phase, the child experiences dilemmas that play an important role in their development.
Freud hypothesised that the energy of the libido was focused on different erogenous areas at particular stages such as the oral stage and the genital stage. If progress failed in a particular phase, fixation at that point in development could result in influencing an adult‘s behavior.
If a child does not fully develop in a certain stage, then what happens? According to Freud, each successful stage results in the healthy development of one’s personality. It is important to solve conflicts that occur in each stage so that fixations can be avoided since they can influence the child’s personality. Other child theories depict that personality continues to evolve throughout a lifetime. Freud believed that early experiences played a vital role in determining development. He believed that by the age of five, personalities are already determined.
Early in the twentieth century, the psychoanalytic theory had a strong influence. Freud inspired a lot of individuals who went on to broaden their perspectives and develop their theories as a result. Following the pattern of neo-Freudians, Erick Erikson’s ideas gained popularity.
This is an eight-phase theory that describes change and growth all through a lifetime, directing its attention on social contact and encounters that arise during different phases of development.
While Erikson’s theory shared some common ideologies with Freud's, interestingly, it is not similar in many ways. Rather than focusing on sexual interest as a driving force in development, Erick believed that interacting socially and experiencing played significant roles.
The human development 8-stage theories explained the process from birth through death. People experience developmental conflicts at every step, which have an effect on how they operate later in life and how they continue to progress.
In contrast to previous developmental theories, Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory emphasizes a person's growth over the course of their entire lifespan. At every stage, a structural crisis that marks a significant turning point confronts both adults and children. Effectively dealing with the challenges of each phase leads to the occurrence of a lifetime psychological benefit.
Early in the twentieth century, a brand-new school of thinking known as behaviorism emerged and quickly grew to dominate developmental psychology. It was once thought that for psychology to become a scientific field, it had to only study observable and quantifiable actions.
According to the behavioral perspective, every action a person takes has an impact on the environment. Many behaviorists, including B.F. Skinner and John B. Watson, maintained that relationships and strengthening processes are the only ways in which learning takes place.
Behavioral theories emphases on how environmental interaction influences behavior and is grounded on the models of theorists such as John Ivan Pavlov, B. F. Skinner, and B. Watson. The theories deal only with what is observed. Growth is viewed as a response to stimuli, reinforcement, rewards, and punishments. This theory differs significantly from other development theories since it does not consider personal emotional development or thoughts but in its place, it focuses only on how experience shapes our personality.
This method of child development gave rise to the two significant learning modalities known as operant and classical conditioning. Operant conditioning employs punishment and reinforcement to alter behaviors while classical conditioning consists of learning by teaming up an earlier neutral stimulus with a naturally occurring stimulus.
Among the most significant ideas within child development is the work of Jean Piaget. The swiss psychologist dominated this field of study with his Cognitive Developmental Theory. This theory focuses on the cognitive development or thought processes of the child. It examines how the said thought processes impact how we interact and comprehend the world around us.
Among the widely accepted theories of cognitive development was brought forward by theorist Jean Piaget. The proposal was an impression that seems recognizable now but helped transform how we consider child development: Children think differently than adults.
This cognitive theory aims to explain and describe how mental processes and states arise. It also examines how various ways of thinking affect how we perceive the outside world and engage with it.
Child intellectual development
When studying the development of children, the steps and order of a child's intellectual development were then explained by Piaget. The developmental stages are:
John Bowlby suggested one of the earliest theories of social development that explain how the initial relationships with caregivers played a key role in child development and continued to impact social relationships throughout life. His attachment theory proposed that children are born with an instinctive need to form connections. These attachments ensure that the child receives care and protection, which helps them survive. These attachments are described by clear developmental characteristics and motivational outlines.
Ultimately caregivers and children engage in behaviors intended to safeguard proximal development. Children try to remain near and linked to their caregivers because they offer a secure haven and starting point for exploration.
In adolescent psychology, researchers have also expanded upon Bowlby's initial work and have proposed that several diverse attachment models exist. A trusting relationship is more likely to emerge in children who get trustworthy care and support.
This theory is founded on the work of Albert Bandura, a psychologist who without doubt believed that the conditioning and strengthening process could not adequately explain all of a person’s learning. For instance, can the conditioning process account for learned behaviors that have not been strengthened through classical conditioning or operant conditioning? Agreeing with social learning theory, behaviors can also be learned through modelling and observation.
Children learn new skills and gain new knowledge by imitating the behaviors of others, such as parents and peers. Bandura's developmental theory suggests that observation plays a significant role in learning, but this observation does not certainly need to take the form of observing a live model. As an alternative, people can also learn by listening to verbal interaction about how to perform a behavior.
Observing either imaginary or real characters displaying behaviors in films or books.
Lev Vygotsky, a different psychologist, put forth a fundamental learning theory that has since grown to be highly important, particularly in the realm of education. Vygotsky just like Piaget believed that children learn actively and through life experiences. In accordance with his sociocultural theory, the development of higher-order cognitive abilities was the responsibility of parents, other adult caregivers, peers, and the culture at large. In his view, learning is essentially a social process.
Vygotsky’s developmental theory also presented the concept of the zone of proximal development, which is the gap between how a person can use help and what a person can do without help. They are able to gradually acquire and expand their abilities and scope of understanding thanks to the support of more informed individuals.
Creating optimal early years environments is crucial for fostering children's development in various domains. Drawing from well-established child development theories, early years centers and nurseries can implement principles that support social, emotional, cognitive, and moral growth. This list outlines nine key principles derived from historical child development theories, offering practical strategies for enhancing child development in early years settings.
1. Foster Social Interactions
Encouraging social interactions among children helps them develop crucial social skills. Lev Vygotsky's Social Development Theory emphasizes the importance of social interactions in cognitive development. Providing opportunities for group activities, cooperative play, and peer learning can enhance children's social competencies.
2. Implement Ecological Systems Theory
Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory underscores the influence of multiple environmental systems on child development. Creating a supportive and engaging environment that includes strong connections with families, community resources, and the broader society can positively impact children's growth and learning.
3. Support Emotional Bonds and Attachments
John Bowlby's Attachment Theory highlights the importance of secure emotional bonds between children and caregivers. Establishing strong, nurturing relationships with each child helps them feel secure and supports their emotional and social development. Consistent, responsive caregiving is key to fostering these bonds.
4. Encourage Moral Development
Jean Piaget's and Lawrence Kohlberg's theories on Moral Development suggest that children's moral reasoning evolves through stages. Early years environments can promote moral development by integrating discussions about fairness, empathy, and respect, and by modeling ethical behavior.
5. Promote Concept-Based Learning
Jerome Bruner's Cognitive Development Theory advocates for the spiral curriculum, where complex ideas are taught at a simplified level first and revisited at more complex levels. Implementing concept-based learning helps children build a deeper understanding of key concepts, fostering critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
6. Utilize Tactile Learning
Maria Montessori's approach emphasizes Tactile Learning, where children learn through hands-on experiences. Providing a variety of tactile materials and activities allows children to explore and learn through their senses, enhancing their cognitive and motor skills.
7. Incorporate Reggio Emilia's Exploratory Talk
The Reggio Emilia Approach encourages exploratory talk, where children engage in meaningful conversations and collaborative inquiry. Creating an environment that supports open dialogue and exploration helps children develop language skills, creativity, and a sense of community.
8. Encourage Abstract Thinking through Play
Jean Piaget's stages of Cognitive Development indicate that children develop abstract thinking abilities as they grow. Activities like role-playing, storytelling, and problem-solving games, such as using Lego for creative building, can stimulate abstract thinking and imagination.
9. Apply the Socratic Method
The Socratic Method involves asking open-ended questions to stimulate critical thinking and dialogue. In early years settings, educators can use this method to encourage children to think deeply, ask questions, and explore different perspectives, fostering cognitive and language development.
By integrating these nine principles, early years environments can create rich, supportive, and stimulating settings that promote holistic child development. Drawing from historical child development theories provides a strong foundation for these practices, ensuring they are grounded in well-established research and understanding.
It is evident that some of psychology's most eminent theorists have created ideas to aid in the discovery and justification of various stages of child development. All of these hypotheses have a significant impact on our comprehension of child development, even though not all of them are widely recognized today.
Today's modern psychologists commonly rely on a variety of ideas and points of view to understand how kids develop, think, and also how they behave. These theories represent just a fraction of the various viewpoints on child development. Psychological theories such as Carl Jung's Archetypes have attempted to explain personality development whilst other theorists have tried to explain maturation through a largely cognitive lens.
There are many diverse aspects that affect positive childhood development. Psychological, physical and emotional development are all critical areas that are highly connected throughout infancy. How children develop physically and intellectually is influenced by their genes, their environment, and the relationships between these factors.
These papers collectively provide a broad and insightful perspective on the theories that have significantly shaped our understanding of child development.
Here are five significant papers on key child development theories, focusing on those that have greatly influenced the field:
